Yoga in Indian Culture: The Eight Limbs and Modern Relevance

Context:
On the occasion of International Yoga Day, The Hindu published an editorial explaining the philosophical depth of Yoga in Indian culture, particularly focusing on the Eight Limbs of Yoga (Ashtanga Yoga) and its modern relevance in promoting mental well-being and global wellness.

Eight Limbs of Yoga (Ashtanga Yoga)

The Eight Limbs, as outlined in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, form the classical foundation of yogic discipline:

1. Yama – Ethical restraints (non-violence, truth, non-stealing, celibacy, non-possessiveness)
2. Niyama – Internal disciplines (cleanliness, contentment, austerity, self-study, surrender)
3. Asana – Physical postures to steady the body and mind
4. Pranayama – Breath regulation to control life energy
5. Pratyahara – Withdrawal of senses from external distractions
6. Dharana – Concentration
7. Dhyana – Meditation
8. Samadhi – Ultimate absorption or spiritual liberation

Modern Relevance

• Stress Management: Yoga helps manage anxiety, improve mental clarity, and reduce workplace stress.
• Lifestyle Diseases: Regular practice helps control hypertension, diabetes, and depression.
• Cultural Diplomacy: India uses yoga as a soft power tool globally through International Yoga Day and embassies.
• Sustainable Living: Yogic principles encourage simplicity, moderation, and ethical conduct.

Relevance for UPSC

Prelims:

• Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras
• Ashtanga Yoga
• Ministry of AYUSH initiatives

Mains (GS Paper 1 & 4):

• Yoga as part of India’s intangible cultural heritage
• Indian knowledge systems and their global recognition
• Ethics and wellness in public life
• Yoga’s role in emotional intelligence and leadership

Sample MCQ

Q. In the context of classical Indian yoga, which of the following is not one of the Eight Limbs (Ashtanga Yoga) as per Patanjali?
A. Pranayama
B. Samadhi
C. Mantra Yoga
D. Dharana

Answer: C

Explanation:
Mantra Yoga is not a part of the classical Eight Limbs of Yoga. The eight components are Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana, and Samadhi.